集水区

A坡面流

B沟道水流

C地表水

D地下水

E河岸

由两个相邻集水区之间的最高点连接成的不规则曲线，即为两条河流或两个水系的（）。

A.河床边界线

B.分水线（或地面分水线）

C.基线

D.地面线

加强水库水源地保护，推进“（）”建设，开展饮用水源集水区生态清洁型小流域建设。

A、非常规水资源利用工程

B、百万亩喷微灌工程

C、百库饮用水水源保护工程

D、农村饮水安全工程

水量平衡指一个集水区内储水量的变化等于收入与支出的差额，公式表示为w=P-(Is+Et+Qs+Qss)，式中：w—土壤储水增量;P—降水量;Is—林冠裁留量;Qs—地表径流量;Qss—壤中径流量;那么Et代表什么？

A.蒸发量

B.蒸腾量

C.蒸散量

b河长度比a河短，但水量远大于a河，下列有关其原因的解释错误的是（）

A．b河流淌在非洲最大的盆地中，集水区域广，流域面积大

B．b河流经热带雨林气候区，降水丰富

C．b河支流比a河多

D．b河水量季节变化大，a河水量季节变化小

阅读材料，回答问题。    某水库是福建省的重要饮用水源地，其沿岸土地利用类型的变化，对河流水质产生了明显的影响。下图示意该水库集水区域土地利用类型和水质的变化趋势（水质污染综合指数高表示污染严重）。

（1）指出2008~2010年该水库水质变化的总体趋势，并分析原因。

_______________________________（2）简述改善库区水质的主要措施。_______________________________

Fifty years ago nature study was not part of the school work; scientific forestry was a new idea; timber was still cheap because it could be brought in any quantity from distant woodlands; soil destruction and river floods were not national problems; nobody had yet studied long-terms climatic cycles in relation to proper land use; even the word “conservation” had nothing of the meaning that it has for us today.

For the sake of ourselves and those who will come after us, we must now set about repairing the mistakes of our forefathers. Conservation should, therefore, be made a part of everyone’s daily life. To know about the water table (水位) in the ground is just as important to us as a knowledge of the basic arithmetic formulas. We need to know why all watersheds (上游源头森林地带集水区) need the protection of plant life and why the running current of streams and rivers must be made to yield their full benefit to the soil before they finally escape to the sea. We need to be taught the duty of planting trees as well as of cutting them. We need to know the importance of big, mature trees, because living space for most of man’s fellow creatures on this planet is figured not only in square measure of surface but also in cubic volume above the earth. In brief, it should be our goal to restore as much of the original beauty of nature as we can.

第26题：The author’s attitude towards the current situation in the exploitation of natural resources is ________.

A) positive

B) neutral

C) suspicious

D) critical

1970年，阿斯旺大坝修建完工后，为尼罗河沿岸带来不少益处，但也带来不少环境问题。该图为尼罗河流域与西亚关系图。读图，回答6—8题。小题1:关于尼罗河的叙述，正确的是：

A．上游接近赤道，位于干旱炎热区

B．集水区水资源分配成为国际问题

C．红海阻隔自古即与西亚不相往来

D．大坝湖区地处埃及和埃塞俄比亚交界小题2:下列不是阿斯旺大坝带来的环境与社会经济影响：

A．输沙量减少、河口三角洲面积萎缩

B．全年灌溉导致土壤盐碱化面积增加

C．水力发电量大、能供应沙特阿拉伯

D．蓄水湖区成为埃及渔业的生产基地小题3:许多研究指出，地中海东南沿岸渔业资源减少与阿斯旺大坝的兴建有关。其最可能的原因是：

A．大坝拦截了大量泥沙，造成河口鱼类缺少营养物质

B．大坝的水力发电量大，导致地中海浮游生物等触电

C．尼罗河两岸农民使用人工肥料，促使入海水质恶化

D．尼罗河两岸农民施行人工灌溉，致使海水盐度下降

在中国，雾霾令人窒息，土地遭到大规模破坏，食品受到重金属污染……水资源问题最为严重。因为水资源缺乏也缘于水污染。由于过度使用，河流在消失。上世纪50年代，中国集水区比较大的河流有5万多条，现在只有.3万条。不仅如此，中国剩下不多的水资源正受到污染。

中国的用水速度是不可持续的，最好的解决办法是提高水资源的利用率。但是，目前中国只有约40%的工业用水被循环使用，循环使用率仅为欧洲的一半，其余的都被排放到河流和湖泊之中。中国的“水资源生产率”很低，每使用1立方米水所得到的产出仅为8美元，而欧洲国家得到的产出平均为58美元。

全国的平均水平掩盖了更令人担忧的地区差异。中国五分之四的水资源在南方，尤其是长江流域，但一半人口和三分之二的农田在北方，包括黄河流域。北京的缺水问题堪比沙特阿拉伯一一每人每年仅为100立方米。

结合材料，用矛盾分析法说明我国水资源的现状以及如何确保我国水之源的使用安全。

The word conservation has a thrifty （节俭）meaning. To conserve is to save and protect, to leave what we ourselves enjoy in such good condition that others may also share the enjoyment. Our forefathers had no idea that human population would increase faster than the supplies of raw materials; most of them, even until very recently, had the foolish idea that the treasures were “limitless” and “inexhaustible”. Most of the citizens of earlier generations knew little or nothing about the complicated and delicate system that runs all through nature, and which means that, as in a living body, an unhealthy condition of one part will sooner or later be harmful to all the others.Fifty years ago nature study was not part of the school work; scientific forestry was a new idea; timber was still cheap because it could be brought in any quantity from distant woodlands, soil destruction and river floods were not national problems; nobody had yet studied long-terms climatic cycles in relation to proper land use; even the word “conservation” had nothing of the meaning that it has for us today.For the sake of ourselves and those who will come after us, we must now set about repairing the mistakes of our forefathers. Conservation should, therefore, be made a part of everyone’s daily life. To know about the water table （水位）in the ground is just as important to us as a knowledge of the basic arithmetic formulas. We need to know why all watersheds （上游源头森林地带集水区）need to the protection of plant life and why the running current of streams and rivers must be made to yield their full benefit to the soil before they finally escape to the sea. We need to be taught the duty of planting trees as well as of cutting them. We need to know the importance of big, mature trees, because living space for most of man’s fellow creatures on this planet is figured out only in square measure of surface but also in cubit volume above the earth. In brief, it should be our goal to restore as much of the original beauty of nature as we can.1.The author’s attitude towards the current situation in the exploitation of natural resources is（ ） .2.According to the author, the greatest mistake of our forefathers was that（ ） .3.It can be inferred from the third paragraph that earlier generations didn’t realize（ ） .4.To avoid correcting the mistake of our forefathers, the author suggests that （ ）.5.What’s the best title for the passage?

新建水库工程

【素材】

某市拟在清水河一级支流A河新建水库工程，水库主要功能为城市供水、农业灌溉，主要建设内容包括大坝、城市供水取水工程、灌溉引水渠首工程，配套建设灌溉引水主干渠等。A河拟建水库坝址处多年平均径流量为0.6亿m3，设计水库兴利库容为0.9亿m3，坝高40 m，回水长度12 km，为年调节水库；水库淹没耕地12 hm2，需移民1 70人，库周及上游地区土地利用类型主要为天然次生林、耕地，分布有自然村落，无城镇和工矿企业。A河在拟建坝址下游12 km处汇入清水河干流，清水河A河汇入口下游断面多年平均径流量为1.8亿m3。拟建灌溉引水主干渠长约8 km，向B灌区供水，B灌区灌溉面积0.7万hm2，灌溉回归水经排水渠于坝下6 km处汇入A河。拟建水库的城市供水范围为城市新区生活和工业用水，该新区位于A河拟建坝址下游10 km处，现有居民2万人，远期规划人口规模1 0万人，工业以制糖、造纸为主。该新区生活污水和工业废水处理达标后排入清水河干流，清水河干流A河汇入口以上河段水质现状为V类，A河汇入口以下河段水质为Ⅳ类。（灌溉用水按500 m3/（亩·a）、城市供水按300 L/（人·d）测算。）

【问题】

1．给出本工程现状调查应包括的区域范围。

2．指出本工程对下游河流的主要环境影响，并说明理由。

3．为确定本工程大坝下游河流的最小需水量，需要分析哪些环境用水需求？

4．本工程实施后能否满足各方面用水需求？说明理由。

1．(1)A河：库区及上游集水区，下游水文变化区直至A河入清水河河口的河段；(2)B灌区；(3)清水河：A河汇入的清水河上下游由于工程建设引起水文变化的河段；(4)灌溉引水主干区沿线区域；(5)供水城市新区。

2．(1)对下游洄游鱼类的阻隔影响。由于在A河上建设大坝，造成河道生境切割，阻止下游鱼类通过大坝完成洄游。(2)由于坝下形成减水段，河流水文情势及水生生态将发生变化。由于库区蓄水及引水灌溉，A河坝下至清水河汇入口1 2 km的河段将形成一个减水段。(3)由于汇入清水河的水量减少，对清水河水文情势及水生生态也将产生不利影响。(4)水生生物生境及鱼类“三场”的改变。坝下河段水文情势的改变，造成水生生物生境的改变，特别是鱼类“三场”将受到不利影响或破坏。(5)低温水及气体过饱和问题。由于本工程为年调节的高坝水库，如果农灌季节下泄库底低温水，会导致下游出现低温水灌溉，导致农作物减产；如果下放上层水或下泄方式不当，则容易产生气体过饱和；另外，下放上层泥沙含量少的清水，则容易导致下游河道的冲刷、河岸的塌方。(6)灌溉回归水（农田退水）的污染影响。灌溉回归水含有较多的污染物，对下游河流水质和干流清水河水质将造成不利的影响。

3．(1)农业灌溉用水量及新区工业和生活用水量；(2)维持A河河道及清水河水质的最小稀释净化水量；(3)维持A河河道及清水河水生生态系统稳定所需的水量；(4)A河河道外生态需水量，包括河岸植被需水量、相连湿地补给水量等；(5)维持A河及清水河流域地下水位动态平衡所需要的补给水量；(6)景观用水。

4．(1)能满足B灌区的农灌用水和城市新区近、远期的供水。因为该水库的功能为城市供水和农业灌溉，而B灌区农灌用水为：0.7*1 04 hm2/*1 5*500 m3/（亩·a）=0.525*1 08(m3/a)，城市新区远期用水为：1 00 000人*300 L/（人·a）*365d÷1 000=0.109 5*108 m3，两者合计小于水库的兴利库容，仅占水库兴利库容的70.5%。(2)不能确定是否满足城市工业用水的需要，因为制糖、造纸均为高耗水行业，其规划建设的规模、用水量预测等均未知。(3)不能确定是否满足大坝下游河道及清水河的环境用水。因为确定环境用水的各类指标未确定，A河坝下接纳的灌溉回归水，水质较差，而且汇入清水河后，会使汇水口下游的Ⅳ类水体进一步恶化，而A河水库的下泄水量与水质也有不确定性。