【世界文化遗产荟萃】(10分)
昆曲历史悠久,是中华民族戏曲艺术的瑰宝,被誉为“百戏之祖”。阅读下列材料:
材料一 神庙时,始特设玉熙宫,近侍三百余员,兼学外戏。外戏,吴敌曲本戏也。光宗喜看曲本戏,于宫教习戏曲者有近侍何明、钟鼓司郑隐山等。
——(明)史玄《旧京遗事》
材料二 伯龙雅擅词曲,所撰《江东白芒》,妙艳时人。时邑人魏良辅,能喉转声音,始变弋阳、海盐为昆腔,伯龙填《浣纱记》付之。王元美(世贞)诗“吴阊白面而冶游儿,争唱梁郎雪艳词”者是也……传奇家曲剧本,戈阳弟子,可以改调歌之,惟《浣纱》不能,故是词家老手。
——(清)朱彝尊《静志居诗话》
材料三 昆曲与明清人士关系密切之表现的最关键处,还在于它脱开‘案头’,以‘活态’的形式渗透于文人士大夫日常生活的‘场上’,双方形影不离,相互扮演着重要的角色。
——《中国的昆曲艺术》
材料四 昆曲的长期衰微,亦正是民族精英文化的一大损失。……这股昆曲热潮如果没有更进一步的社会普及教育,是难以后继的。
——白先勇《昆曲的普及教育》
请回答:
(1)据材料及所学知识,归纳明清时期昆曲得以发展的因素。昆曲于2001年被列入世界文化遗产,你认为符合哪项申遗标准?(6分)
(2)结合所学知识,说明近代以来昆曲长期衰微的原因。据上述材料,你认为该如何振兴昆曲?(4分)

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