面包师

肖伯纳写道：“注意到通过给面包师一定的金钱利益让他为一个人烤制面包从而这个人可以供应面包时，任何一个理智的国家或许会继续论证说可以通过给外科医生一定的金钱利益让他割掉一个人的腿，这足以使得人们对政治的人性感到绝望了。”肖伯纳的叙述最好作为批评下面哪个论证中使用的例证？
A．为赚钱而进行不必要的牙科诊治的牙医。
B．为增加盈利而仅专门医治影响很大比例人口的疾病的医生。
C．为增加利润边际而提高食品价格的杂货商。
D．通过满足其他人的基本需要而盈利的面包师和外科医生。

面包师有很多面包，由n个销售人员推销。每个顾客进店后取一个号，并且等待叫号，当一个销售人员空闲下来时，就叫下一个号。试设计一个使销售人员和顾客同步的算法。

英格兰有一首童谣《起风了，小猫饿死了》：起风了，风把窗帘掀起来了。窗帘拍倒了花瓶，花瓶的水洒到地板上了。地板湿了，老婆婆滑倒了。她撞坏了椅子，木匠来修椅子了。木匠砍倒了一棵树，大树把面包师的房子砸坏了。面包师搬家了，老鼠没东西吃了。老鼠不来了——小猫饿死了。下列选项中，对这首童谣的意思理解最确切的一项是（　　）。

A、揭示了万事万物之间的因果关系

B、说明世界上万事万物都有直接的联系

C、夸张地描述人类社会的“多米诺现象”

D、提醒人们要注意身边的任何一件事物的变化

英格兰有一童谣《起风了，小猫饿死了》：起风了，风把窗帘掀起来了。窗帘拍倒了花瓶,花瓶的水洒到地板上了。地板湿了，老婆婆滑倒了。她撞坏了椅子，木匠来修椅子了。木匠砍倒了一棵树，大树把面包师的房子砸坏了。面包师搬家了，老鼠没东西吃了。老鼠不来了——小猫饿死了。

下列选项中，对这首童谣的意思理解最确切的一项是（）。

A．揭示了万事万物之间的因果关系

B．说明世界上万事万物都有直接的联系

C．夸张地描述人类社会的“多米诺现象”

D．提醒人们要注意身边的任何一件事物的变化

题目英格兰有一童谣《起风了，小猫饿死了》：起风了，风把窗帘掀起来了。窗帘拍倒了花瓶，花瓶的水洒到地板上了。地板湿了，老婆婆滑倒了。她撞坏了椅子，木匠来修椅子了。木匠砍倒了一棵树，大树把面包师的房子砸坏了。面包师搬家了，老鼠没东西吃了。老鼠不来了，小猫饿死了。下列选项中，对这首童谣的意思理解最确切的一项是（）。
A:揭示了万事万物之间的因果关系
B:说明世界上万事万物都有直接的联系
C:夸张地描述人类社会的“多米诺现象”
D:提醒人们要注意身边的任何一件事物的变化

英格兰有一童谣《起风了，小猫饿死了》∶起风了，风把窗帘掀起来了。窗帘拍倒了花瓶，花瓶的水洒到地板上了。地板湿了，老婆婆滑倒了。她撞坏了椅子，木匠来修椅子了。木匠砍倒了一棵树，大树把面包师的房子砸坏了。面包师搬家了，老鼠没东西吃了。老鼠不来了__小猫饿死了。

下列选项中，对这首童谣的意思理解最确切的一项是__。

A．揭示了万事万物之间的因果关系

B．说明世界上万事万物都有直接的联系

C．夸张地描述人类社会的“多米诺现象”

D．提醒人们要注意身边的任何一件事物的变化

英格兰有一童谣《起风了,小猫饿死了》:起风了,风把窗帘掀起来了。窗帘拍倒了花瓶,花瓶的水洒到地板上了。地板湿了,老婆婆滑倒了。她撞坏了椅子。木匠来修椅子了。木匠砍倒了一棵树,大树把面包师的房子砸坏了。面包师搬家了,老鼠没东西吃了。老鼠不来了——小猫饿死了。下列选项中,对这首童谣的意思理解最确切的一项是______。

A．揭示了万事万物之间的因果关系

B．说明世界上万事万物都有直接的联系

C．夸张地描述人类社会的“多米诺现象”

D．提醒人们要注意身边的任何一件事物的变化

英格兰有一童谣《起风了，小猫饿死了》∶起风了，风把窗帘掀起来了。窗帘拍倒了花瓶，花瓶的水洒到地板上了。地板湿了，老婆婆滑倒了。她撞坏了椅子，木匠来修椅子了。木匠砍倒了一棵树，大树把面包师的房子砸坏了。面包师搬家了，老鼠没东西吃了。老鼠不来了__小猫饿死了。

下列选项中，对这首童谣的意思理解最确切的一项是__。

A．揭示了万事万物之间的因果关系

B．说明世界上万事万物都有直接的联系

C．夸张地描述人类社会的“多米诺现象”

D．提醒人们要注意身边的任何一件事物的变化

英格兰有一童谣《起风了，小猫饿死了》：起风了，风把窗帘掀起来了。窗帘拍倒了花瓶，花瓶的水洒到地板上了。地板湿了，老婆婆滑倒了。她撞坏了椅子，木匠来修椅子了。木匠砍倒了一棵树，大树把面包师的房子砸坏了。面包师搬家了，老鼠没东西吃了。老鼠不来了——小猫饿死了。下列选项中，对这首童谣的意思理解最确切的一项是______________。
A.揭示了万事万物之间的因果关系
B.说明世界上万事万物都有直接的联系
C.夸张地描述人类社会的“多米诺现象”
D.提醒人们要注意身边的任何一件事物的变化

面包师的工资提高将使（）。
选择一项：
A.面包供给曲线左移并使住房租金上升
B.面包供给曲线左移并使住房租金下降
C.面包供给曲线左移并使住房租金下降
D.面包供给曲线右移并使住房租金上升

在西欧，庄园为领主提供日常消费的面粉、奶酪、火腿、蔬菜等食物，也为领主提供衣物、鞋帽等。庄园有铁匠、金银匠、皮鞋匠、面包师等各色工匠制造不同的物品。这说明西欧庄园

A.具有自给自足特征 B.是独立的政治单位

C.具有地方管理功能 D.是地方经济的中心

准则
阅读下面的材料，按要求作文。
一个面包师长期从他隔壁的一个农民那儿购买黄油。有一天，他觉得本应是3磅重的一包黄油似乎轻了点。于是他开始定期地称一称黄油，发现每回都是分量不足。这就是说，他每次都多付了钱。他特别生气，便开始向执法机关提出诉讼。“你没有天平吗？”法官问农民。“有哇，法官先生，我有一架天平。”农民回答道。“有很准的砝码吗？…‘没有，法官先生，我不需要砝码。…‘没有砝码，那你怎么称黄油呢？”“这好办，”农民回答说，“你瞧，就在面包师从我这儿买黄油的这段时间里，我也一直买他的面包。我总是要同样重量的面包。每次这些面包就作为称黄油的砝码。如果砝码不准，那就不是我的过错，而是他的过错了。”于是，法官判定农民无罪，而面包师不得不承担诉讼费用。
要求请你以上述故事所蕴涵的深意为话题写一篇文章。①立意自定。②文体自选。③题目自拟。④不少于800字。

我们每天所需的食物和饮料，不是出自屠户、酿酒商或面包师的恩惠，而是出于他们自利的打算。每个使用资本和劳动的个人，既不打算促进公共利益，也不知道他自己是在什么程度上促进那种利益。他受一只看不见的手的指导，去尽力达到一个并非他本意想要达到的目的。通过追逐自己的利益，他经常促进了社会的利益。
（1)上述材料反映了斯密的什么观点？（7分)
（2)应如何评价斯密的上述观点？（7分)

“他们”

他们中有面包师、啤酒酿造者、裁缝、洗衣妇、鞋匠、厨师和各类代理商。他们有自己的生产资料，主要是生产工具，也有经营器材。他们拥有自己的小作坊，生产规模小，基本上以家庭为单位，以自身为中心独立从事经济活动，追求交换价值。由于劳动力人数有限，小作坊内部不具备分工的物质条件，他们大多数只能从事专一工序的劳动。当时的生产者文化程度普遍较低，传授、学习技艺的手段也十分落后，当时精通一门手艺往往需要经过多年的摸索和积累，一旦学成便以此谋生，没有时间和精力学习新的手艺。

问题：

（1）材料中的“他们”是指哪一种人？说明判断的理由。

（2）结合所学知识，说明这一阶层的产生给当时历史带来的影响。

Passage One

The Great Fire of London started in the very early hours of September 1666. In four days it destroyed more than three-quarters of the old city, where most of the houses were wooden and close together. One hundred thousand people became homeless, but only a few lost their lives.

The fire started on Sunday morning in the house of the King’s baker(面包师) in Pudding Lane. The baker, with his wife and family, was able to get out through a window in the roof. A strong wind blew the fire from the bakery (面包房) into a small hotel next door. Then it spread quickly into Thames Street. That was the beginning.

By eight o’clock three hundred houses were on fire. On Monday nearly a kilometer of the city was burning along the River Thames. Tuesday was the worst day. The fire destroyed many well-known buildings, old St Paul’s and the Guildhall were among them.

Samuel Pepys, the famous writer, wrote about the fire. People threw their things into the river. Many poor people stayed in their houses until the last moment. Birds fell out of the air because of the heat.

The fire stopped only when the King finally ordered people to destroy hundreds of buildings in the paths of the fire. With nothing left to burn , the fire became weak and finally died out.

After the fire, Christopher Wren ,the architect , wanted a city with wider streets and fine new houses of stone. In fact, the streets are still narrow, but he did build more than fifty churches, and the new St Paul’s is among them.

The fire caused great pain and loss, but after it London was a better place : a city for the future and not just of the past.

The fire began in ______.

A.a hotel B.the palace C.Pudding Lane D.Thames Street

阅读下面的材料，根据要求写一篇不少于800字的作文。
美国《幸福》杂志曾在征答栏中刊登过这样一个题目：假如让你重新选择，你做什么？一位军界要人的回答是去乡间开一个杂货铺；一位女部长的答案是到哥斯达黎加的海滨经营一个小旅馆；一位市长的愿望是改行当摄影记者；一位劳动部长想做一家饮料公司的经理。几位商人的回答最离奇，一位想变成女人，一位想成为一条狗。更有甚者，想退居山野化为植物。其间，也有一般百姓的回答，想做总统的，想做外交官的，想做面包师的，应有尽有。但是，很少有人想做现在的自己。人的风景在哪里？
对此，有人说：熟悉的地方没有风景。
要求：选准角度，明确礼仪，自选文体，自拟标题；不要脱离材料内容及含义的范围，不要逃做，不得抄袭。

人生的风景
阅读下面的文字，根据要求作文。
美国《幸福》杂志曾在征答栏中刊登过这样一个题目：
假如让你重新选择，你将做什么？一位军界要人的回答是去乡间开一个杂货铺；一位女部长的答案是到哥斯达黎加的海滨经营一个小旅馆；一位市长的愿望是改行当摄影记者；一位劳动部长想做一家饮料公司的经理；两位商人的回答最离奇：一位想变成女人，一位想成为一条狗。更有甚者，想退居山野化为植物。其间，也有一般百姓的回答。想做总统的，想做外交官的，想做面包师的，应有尽有。但是，很少有人想做现在的自己……对此，我的感觉只能是：熟悉的地方没有风景。
请以“人生的风景”为话题写一篇文章。所写的内容必须在话题范围之内。
[要求]①立意自定。②文体自选。③题目自拟。④不少于800字。

The Great Fire of London started in the very early hours of September 1666. In four days it destroyed more than three-quarters of the old city, where most of the houses were wooden and close together. One hundred thousand people became homeless, but only a few lost their lives. The fire started on Sunday morning in the house of the King’s baker(面包师) in Pudding Lane. The baker, with his wife and family, was able to get out through a window in the roof. A strong wind blew the fire from the bakery (面包房) into a small hotel next door. Then it spread quickly into Thames Street. That was the eginning. By eight o’clock three hundred houses were on fire. On Monday nearly a kilometer of the city was burning along the River Thames. Tuesday was the worst day. The fire destroyed many well-known buildings, old St Paul’s and the Guildhall were among them. Samuel Pepys, the famous writer, wrote about the fire. People threw their things into the river. Many poor people stayed in their houses until the last moment. Birds fell out of the air because of the heat. The fire stopped only when the King finally ordered people to destroy hundreds of buildings in the paths of the fire. With nothing left to burn , the fire became weak and finally died out. After the fire, Christopher Wren ,the architect , wanted a city with wider streets and fine new houses of stone. In fact, the streets are still narrow, but he did build more than fifty churches, and the new St Paul’s is among them. The fire caused great pain and loss, but after it London was a better place : a city for the future and not just of the past.
1.The fire began in ____.
a hotel
the palace
Pudding Lane
Thames Street
2.The underlined word “family” in the second paragraph means _____.
home
children
wife and husband
wife and children
3.It seems that the writer of the text was most sorry for the fact that______.
some people lost their lives
the birds in the sky were killed by the fire
many famous buildings were destroyed
the King’s bakery was burned down
4.Why did the writer cite (引用)Samuel Pepys ?
Because Pepys was among those putting out the fire.
Because Pepys also wrote about the fire.
To show that poor people suffered most.
To give the reader a clearer picture of the fire.
5.How was the fire put out according to the text?
The King and his soldiers came to help.
All the wooden houses in the city were destroyed.
People managed to get enough water from the river.
Houses standing in the direction of the fire were pulled down.

[阅读题,10分] The Great Fire of London started in the very early hours of September 1666. In four days it destroyed more than three-quarters of the old city, where most of the houses were wooden and close together. One hundred thousand people became homeless, but only a few lost their lives. The fire started on Sunday morning in the house of the King’s baker(面包师) in Pudding Lane. The baker, with his wife and family, was able to get out through a window in the roof. A strong wind blew the fire from the bakery (面包房) into a small hotel next door. Then it spread quickly into Thames Street. That was the eginning. By eight o’clock three hundred houses were on fire. On Monday nearly a kilometer of the city was burning along the River Thames. Tuesday was the worst day. The fire destroyed many well-known buildings, old St Paul’s and the Guildhall were among them. Samuel Pepys, the famous writer, wrote about the fire. People threw their things into the river. Many poor people stayed in their houses until the last moment. Birds fell out of the air because of the heat. The fire stopped only when the King finally ordered people to destroy hundreds of buildings in the paths of the fire. With nothing left to burn , the fire became weak and finally died out. After the fire, Christopher Wren ,the architect , wanted a city with wider streets and fine new houses of stone. In fact, the streets are still narrow, but he did build more than fifty churches, and the new St Paul’s is among them. The fire caused great pain and loss, but after it London was a better place : a city for the future and not just of the past.
1.The fire began in ____.
A.a hotel
B.the palace
C.Pudding Lane
D.Thames Street
2.The underlined word “family” in the second paragraph means _____.
A.home
B.children
C.wife and husband
D.wife and children
3.It seems that the writer of the text was most sorry for the fact that______.
A.some people lost their lives
B.the birds in the sky were killed by the fire
C.many famous buildings were destroyed
D.the King’s bakery was burned down
4.Why did the writer cite (引用)Samuel Pepys ?
A.Because Pepys was among those putting out the fire.
B.Because Pepys also wrote about the fire.
C.To show that poor people suffered most.
D.To give the reader a clearer picture of the fire.
5.How was the fire put out according to the text?
A.The King and his soldiers came to help.
B.All the wooden houses in the city were destroyed.
C.People managed to get enough water from the river.
D.Houses standing in the direction of the fire were pulled down.

两题任选一题作文。
  （一）美国《幸福》杂志曾在征答栏中刊登过这样一个题目：假如让你重新选择，你做什么？一位军界要人的回答是去乡间开一个杂货铺，一位女部长的答案是到哥斯达黎加的海滨经营一个小旅馆，一位市长的愿望是改行当摄影记者，一位劳动部长想做一家饮料公司的经理。几位商人的回答最离奇，一位想变成女人，一位想成为一条狗。更有甚者，想退居山野化为植物。其间，也有一般百姓的回答，想做总统的，想做外交官的，想做面包师的，应有尽有。但是，很少有人想做现在的自己。
   对此，我们的感觉只能是：熟悉的地方没有风景。
   请以“人生的风景”为话题写一篇文章，题目自拟。
  （二）常怀感激之心，这是生活的艺术，更是一种境界。当你饥饿难耐，放学回答，一进门发现妈妈已经为你准备好一桌可口的饭菜；当你为一个学习问题抓耳挠腮，百思不得其解，老师精妙的启发点拨，让你豁然开朗；当你跑得气喘吁吁追上一辆公交车，司机把已经关上的车门重新为你打开……面对这些司空见惯的小事，你在意过吗，动心过吗？
   请以“常怀感激”为题写一篇文章，题目自拟。
   要求：（1）除诗歌外，其它体裁不限。
        （2）不少于600字，不出现真实的班级名字、人名。
        （3）书写工整规范。