职业技能类 - 职称考试

Going Her Own Way When she was twelve, Maria made her first important decision about the course of her life. She decided that she wanted to continue her education. Most girls from middle-class families chose to stay home after primary school, though some attended private Catholic "finishing" schools. There they learned a little about music, art, needlework, and how to make polite conversation. This was not the sort of education that interested Maria — or her mother. By this time, she had begun to take her studies more seriously. She read constantly and brought her books everywhere. One time she even brought her math book to the theater and tried to study in the park. Maria knew that she wanted to go on learning in a serious way. That meant attending the public high school, something that very few girls did. In Italy at the time, there were two types of high schools: the "classical”, schools and the "technical" schools. In the classical schools, the students followed a very traditional program of studies, with courses in Latin and Greek language and literature, and Italian literature and history. The few girls who continued studying after primary school usually chose these schools. Maria, however, wanted to attend a technical school. The technical schools were more modern than the classical schools and they offered courses in modern languages, mathematics, science, and accounting. Most people — including Maria’s father — believed that girls would never be able to understand these subjects. Furthermore, they did not think it was proper for girls to study them. Maria did not care if it was proper or not. Math and science were the subjects that interested her most. But before she could sign up for the technical school, she had to win her father's approval. She finally did, with her mother's help, though for many years after, there was tension in the family. Maria's father continued to oppose her plans, while her mother helped her. In 1883, at age thirteen, Maria entered the "Regia Scuola Tecnica Michelangelo Buonarroti "in Rome. Her experience at this school is difficult for us to imagine. Though the courses included modern subjects, the teaching methods were very traditional. Learning consisted of memorizing long lists of facts and repeating them back to the teacher. Students were not supposed to ask questions or think for themselves in any way. Teachers were very demanding, discipline in the classroom was strict, and punishment was severe for those who failed to achieve or were disobedient.Maria’s father probably . A had a modern view about womenB had a traditional view about womenC was interested in women's educationD thought Latin was easy for women

Traffic Jams — No End in Sight1 Traffic congestion (拥堵)affects people throughout the world. Traffic jams cause smog in dozens of cities across both the developed and developing world. In the U.S., commuters (通勤人员）spend an average of a full working week each year sitting in traffic jams, according to the Texas Transportation Institute. While alternative ways of getting around are available, most people still choose their cars because they are looking for convenience, comfort and privacy.2 The most promising technique for reducing city traffic is called congestion pricing, whereby cities charge a toll to enter certain parts of town at certain times of day. In theory, if the toll is high enough, some drivers will cancel their trips or go by bus or train. And in practice it seems to work: Singapore, London and Stockholm have reduced traffic and pollution in city centres thanks to congestion pricing.3 Another way to reduce rush-hour traffic is for employers to implement flexitime , which lets employees travel to and from work at off-peak traffic times to avoid the rush hour. Those who have to travel during busy times can do their part by sharing cars. Employers can also allow more staff to telecommute (work from home) so as to keep more cars off the road altogether.4 Some urban planners still believe that the best way to ease traffic congestion is to build more roads, especially roads that can take drivers around or over crowded city streets. But such techniques do not really keep cars off the road; they only accommodate more of them.5 Other, more forward-thinking, planners know that more and more drivers and cars are taking to the roads every day, and they are unwilling to encourage more private automobiles when public transport is so much better both for people and the environment. For this reason, the American government has decided to spend some $7 billion on helping to increase capacity on public-transport systems and upgrade them with more efficient technologies. But environmentalists complain that such funding is tiny compared with the $50 billion being spent on roads and bridges. Paragraph 2 A Paying to get inB A solution which is no solutionC Changing work practiceD Closing city centres to trafficE Not doing enoughF A global problem

Making a Loss Is the Height of Fashion Given that a good year in the haute couture (高级定制女装）business is one where you lose even more money than usual, the prevailing mood in Paris last week was sensational. The big-name designers were falling over themselves to boast of how many outfits they had sold at below cost price, and how this proved that the fashion business was healthier than ever. Jean-Pau Gaultier reported record sales," but we don't make any money out of it," the designer assured journalists backstage. "No matter how successful you are, you can’t make a profit from couture,” explained Jean-Jacques Picart, a veteran fashion PR man, and co-founder of the now-bankrupt Lacroix house. Almost 20 years have passed since the unusual economics of the couture business were first exposed. Outraged that he was losing money on evening dresses costing tens of thousands of pounds，the couturier Jean-Louis Scherrer published a detailed summary of his costs. One outfit he described curtained over half a mile of gold thread,18,000 sequins (亮片), and had required hundreds of hours of hand-stitching in an atelier (制作室). A fair price would have been ￡50, 000, but the couturier could only get ￡35,000 for it. Rather than riding high on the foolishness of the super-rich, he and his team could barely feed their hungry families. The result was an outcry and the first of a series of government — and industry — sponsored inquiries into the surreal (超现实的)world of ultimate fashion. The trade continues to insist that couture offers you more than you pay for, but it's not as simple as that. When such a temple of old wealth starts talking about value for money, it isn't to convince anyone that dresses costing as much as houses are a bargain. Rather, it is to preserve the peculiar mystique (神秘), lucrative (利润丰厚的)associations and threatened interests that couture represents. Essentially, the arguments couldn't be simpler. On one side are those who say that the business will die if it doesn't change. On the other are those who say it will die if it does. What's not in doubt is that haute couture — the term translates as "high sewing"一 is highly dated. Huge in its costs, tiny in its clientele and questionable in its influence, it still remains one of the great themes of Parisian life. In his book, The Fashion Conspiracy, Nicholas Coleridge estimates that the entire couture industry rests on the whims (一时兴起)of less than 30 immensely wealthy women, and although the number may have grown in recent years with the new prosperity of Asia, the number of couture customers worldwide is no more than 4,000. To qualify as couture, a garment must be entirely handmade by one of the 11 Paris couture houses registered to the Chambre Syndicate de la Haute Couture. Each house must employ at least 20 people, and show a minimum of 75 new designs a year. So far，so traditional, but the Big Four operators — Chanel, Dior, Givenchy and Gaultier — increasingly use couture as a marketing device for their far more profitable ready-to-wear, fragrance and accessory lines. According to the second paragraph, Jean-Louis Scherrer . A was very angry as he was losing moneyB was in a worse financial position than other couturiersC was one of the best-known couturiersD stopped producing haute couture dresses

Going Her Own Way When she was twelve, Maria made her first important decision about the course of her life. She decided that she wanted to continue her education. Most girls from middle-class families chose to stay home after primary school, though some attended private Catholic "finishing" schools. There they learned a little about music, art, needlework, and how to make polite conversation. This was not the sort of education that interested Maria — or her mother. By this time, she had begun to take her studies more seriously. She read constantly and brought her books everywhere. One time she even brought her math book to the theater and tried to study in the park. Maria knew that she wanted to go on learning in a serious way. That meant attending the public high school, something that very few girls did. In Italy at the time, there were two types of high schools: the "classical”, schools and the "technical" schools. In the classical schools, the students followed a very traditional program of studies, with courses in Latin and Greek language and literature, and Italian literature and history. The few girls who continued studying after primary school usually chose these schools. Maria, however, wanted to attend a technical school. The technical schools were more modern than the classical schools and they offered courses in modern languages, mathematics, science, and accounting. Most people — including Maria’s father — believed that girls would never be able to understand these subjects. Furthermore, they did not think it was proper for girls to study them. Maria did not care if it was proper or not. Math and science were the subjects that interested her most. But before she could sign up for the technical school, she had to win her father's approval. She finally did, with her mother's help, though for many years after, there was tension in the family. Maria's father continued to oppose her plans, while her mother helped her. In 1883, at age thirteen, Maria entered the "Regia Scuola Tecnica Michelangelo Buonarroti "in Rome. Her experience at this school is difficult for us to imagine. Though the courses included modern subjects, the teaching methods were very traditional. Learning consisted of memorizing long lists of facts and repeating them back to the teacher. Students were not supposed to ask questions or think for themselves in any way. Teachers were very demanding, discipline in the classroom was strict, and punishment was severe for those who failed to achieve or were disobedient.Maria warded to attend . A a private "finishing"schoolB a school teaching LatinC a technical high schoolD a school for art and music

All the flats in the building had the same layout. A colorB arrangementC sizeD function

Going Her Own Way When she was twelve, Maria made her first important decision about the course of her life. She decided that she wanted to continue her education. Most girls from middle-class families chose to stay home after primary school, though some attended private Catholic "finishing" schools. There they learned a little about music, art, needlework, and how to make polite conversation. This was not the sort of education that interested Maria — or her mother. By this time, she had begun to take her studies more seriously. She read constantly and brought her books everywhere. One time she even brought her math book to the theater and tried to study in the park. Maria knew that she wanted to go on learning in a serious way. That meant attending the public high school, something that very few girls did. In Italy at the time, there were two types of high schools: the "classical”, schools and the "technical" schools. In the classical schools, the students followed a very traditional program of studies, with courses in Latin and Greek language and literature, and Italian literature and history. The few girls who continued studying after primary school usually chose these schools. Maria, however, wanted to attend a technical school. The technical schools were more modern than the classical schools and they offered courses in modern languages, mathematics, science, and accounting. Most people — including Maria’s father — believed that girls would never be able to understand these subjects. Furthermore, they did not think it was proper for girls to study them. Maria did not care if it was proper or not. Math and science were the subjects that interested her most. But before she could sign up for the technical school, she had to win her father's approval. She finally did, with her mother's help, though for many years after, there was tension in the family. Maria's father continued to oppose her plans, while her mother helped her. In 1883, at age thirteen, Maria entered the "Regia Scuola Tecnica Michelangelo Buonarroti "in Rome. Her experience at this school is difficult for us to imagine. Though the courses included modern subjects, the teaching methods were very traditional. Learning consisted of memorizing long lists of facts and repeating them back to the teacher. Students were not supposed to ask questions or think for themselves in any way. Teachers were very demanding, discipline in the classroom was strict, and punishment was severe for those who failed to achieve or were disobedient.High school teachers in Italy in those days were very . A flexibleB intelligentC kindD strict

Family History In an age when technology is developing faster than ever before, many people are being attracted to the (51) of looking back into the past. One way they can do this is by (52) their own family history. They can try to (53) out more about where their families came from and what they did. This is now a fast-growing hobby, especially in countries______(54) a greatly short history, like Australia and the United States. It is one thing to spend some time______(55) through a book on family history and to______(56) the decision to investigate your own family's past. It is quite another to ______(57) out the research work successfully. It is easy to set about it in a disorganised ______(58) and cause yourself many problems which could have been ______ (59) with a little forward planning. If your own family stories tell you (60) you are connected with a famous character, whether hero or criminal, do not let this idea take______ (61) your research. Just treat it as an interesting (62). A simple system for collecting and storing your information will be adequate to ______ (63) with; a more complex one may only get in your______ (64). The most important thing, though, is to get started. Who______ (65) what you might find? A more complex one may only get in your______ (64).
A. sideB. wayC. roadD. track

Family History In an age when technology is developing faster than ever before, many people are being attracted to the (51) of looking back into the past. One way they can do this is by (52) their own family history. They can try to (53) out more about where their families came from and what they did. This is now a fast-growing hobby, especially in countries______(54) a greatly short history, like Australia and the United States. It is one thing to spend some time______(55) through a book on family history and to______(56) the decision to investigate your own family's past. It is quite another to ______(57) out the research work successfully. It is easy to set about it in a disorganised ______(58) and cause yourself many problems which could have been ______ (59) with a little forward planning. If your own family stories tell you (60) you are connected with a famous character, whether hero or criminal, do not let this idea take______ (61) your research. Just treat it as an interesting (62). A simple system for collecting and storing your information will be adequate to ______ (63) with; a more complex one may only get in your______ (64). The most important thing, though, is to get started. Who______ (65) what you might find? Do not let this idea take______ (61) your research.
A. overB. upC. awayD.off

The Mysteries of Nazca In the desert of Peru, 300 kilometers from Lima, one of the most unusual artworks in the world has mystified (迷惑）people for decades. (46) But from high above, these marks are huge images of birds, fish, seashells all beautifully carved into the earth. The Nazca lines are so difficult to see from the ground that they weren’t discovered until the 1930s, when pilots spotted them while flying over the area. In all, there are about 70 different human and animal figures on the plain, along with 900 triangles, circles, and lines. Researchers have figured out that the lines are at least 1,500 years old, but their purpose is still a mystery. __________ (47) However, it would probably be very tricky to land a spaceship in the middle of pictures of dogs and monkeys. In the 1940s, an American explorer named Paul Kosok suggested that the drawings were a chronicle (记录)of the movement of the stars and planets. ______ (48) Later, an astronomer tested his theory with a computer, but he couldn’t find any relation between the lines and movements in space. Another explanation is that the lines may have been made for religious reasons. British researcher Tony Morrison investigated the customs of people in the Andes Mountain and learned that they sometimes pray by the side of the road. It’s possible the lines of Nazca were created for a similar purpose. ___________ (49) But the local people have never constructed anything this big. Recently, two other scientists, David Johnson and Steve Mabee, have speculated that the lines could have been related to water Nazca is one of the driest places in the world and receives only 2 cm of rain every year. While Johnson was searching for ancient water sources in the area, he noticed that some waterways built by ancient people were connected with the lines. Johnson believes that the Nazca lines are a giant map of the underground water in the area. ________ (50) (46)A He called Nazca "the largest astronomy book in the world".B Seen from the ground, it looks like lines scratched into the earth.C Scholars diiffer in interpreting the purpose of the designs.D Other scientists are now searching for evidence to prove this.E A Swiss writer named Erich von Daniken wrote that the Nazca lines were designed as a landing place for UFOs.F The largest pictures may have been the sites for special ceremonies.

The Mysteries of Nazca In the desert of Peru, 300 kilometers from Lima, one of the most unusual artworks in the world has mystified (迷惑）people for decades. (46) But from high above, these marks are huge images of birds, fish, seashells all beautifully carved into the earth. The Nazca lines are so difficult to see from the ground that they weren’t discovered until the 1930s, when pilots spotted them while flying over the area. In all, there are about 70 different human and animal figures on the plain, along with 900 triangles, circles, and lines. Researchers have figured out that the lines are at least 1,500 years old, but their purpose is still a mystery. __________ (47) However, it would probably be very tricky to land a spaceship in the middle of pictures of dogs and monkeys. In the 1940s, an American explorer named Paul Kosok suggested that the drawings were a chronicle (记录)of the movement of the stars and planets. ______ (48) Later, an astronomer tested his theory with a computer, but he couldn’t find any relation between the lines and movements in space. Another explanation is that the lines may have been made for religious reasons. British researcher Tony Morrison investigated the customs of people in the Andes Mountain and learned that they sometimes pray by the side of the road. It’s possible the lines of Nazca were created for a similar purpose. ___________ (49) But the local people have never constructed anything this big. Recently, two other scientists, David Johnson and Steve Mabee, have speculated that the lines could have been related to water Nazca is one of the driest places in the world and receives only 2 cm of rain every year. While Johnson was searching for ancient water sources in the area, he noticed that some waterways built by ancient people were connected with the lines. Johnson believes that the Nazca lines are a giant map of the underground water in the area. ________ (50) (49) A He called Nazca "the largest astronomy book in the world".B Seen from the ground, it looks like lines scratched into the earth.C Scholars differ in interpreting the purpose of the designs.D Other scientists are now searching for evidence to prove this.E A Swiss writer named Erich von Daniken wrote that the Nazca lines were designed as a landing place for UFOs.F The largest pictures may have been the sites for special ceremonies.

Gross National Happiness In the last century, new technology improved the lives of many people in many countries. However, one country resisted these changes. High in the Himalayan mountains of Asia, the kingdom of Bhutan remained separate. Its people and Buddhist (佛教）culture had not been affected for almost a thousand years. Bhutan, however, wasapoorcountry. People died at a young age. Most of its people could not read, and they did not know much about the outside world. Then, in 1972, a new ruler named King Jigme Singye Wangchuck decided to help Bhutan to become modem, but without losing its traditions. King Wangchuck looked at other countries for ideas. He saw that most countries measured their progress by their Gross National Product ( GNP). The GNP measures products and money. When the number of products sold increases, people say the country is making progress. King Wangchuck had a diWerent idea for Bhutan. He wanted to measure his country’s progress by people’s happiness. If the people’s happiness increased, the king could say that Bhutan was making progress. To decide if people were happier, he created a measure called Gross National Happiness (GNH). GNH is based on certain principles that create happiness. People are happier if they have heaith care, education, and jobs. They are happier when they live in a healthy, protected environment. They are happier when they can keep their traditional culture and customs. Finally, people are happier when they have a good, stable government. Now there is some evidence of increased GNH in Bhutan. People are healthier and are living longer. More people are educated and employed. Twenty-five percent of the land has become national parks, and the country has almost no pollution. The Bhutanese continue to wear their traditional clothing and follow their ancient Buddhist customs. Bhutan has also become a democracy. In 2008, King Wangchuck gave his power to his son. Although the country still had a king, it held its first democratic elections that year. Bhutan had political parties and political candidates for the first time. Finally, Bhutan has connected to the rest of the world through television and the Internet. Bhutan is a symbol for social progress. Many countries are now interested in Bhutan’s GNH. These countries are investigating their own ways to measure happiness. They want to create new policies that take care of their people, cultures, and land. Brazil may be the next country to use the principles of GNH. Brazilian leaders see the principles of GNH as a source of inspiration. Brazil is a large country with a diverse population. If happiness works as a measure of progress in Brazil, perhaps the rest of the world will follow.Who was Jigme SingyeWangchuck? A A president.B A Buddhist priest.C A king.D A general.

DNA Testing DNA testing reveals the genes of each individual person. Since the early twentieth century, scientists have known that all human characteristics are contained in a person’s genes and are passed from parents to children. Genes work as a chemical instruction manual for each part and each function of the body. Their basic chemical element is called DNA, a copy of which can be found in every cell. The existence of genes and the chemical structure of DNA were understood by the mid-1900s, but scientists have only recently been able to identify a person from just a drop of blood or a single hair. One of the most important uses of DNA testing is in criminal investigation. The very first use of DNA testing in a criminal case was in 1985 in Great Britain, when a man confessed to killing a young woman in the English countryside. Because police had found samples of the killer’s DNA at the scene of the crime, a biologist suggested that it might be possible to compare that DNA to some from the confessor’s blood. To everyone’s surprise, the tests showed that he was not the killer. Nor was he guilty of a similar murder that had happened some time earlier. At that point he admitted that he had confessed to the crimes out of fear and police pressure. The police then asked 5,000 local men for samples of their blood, and DNA testing revealed that one of them was the real murderer, so the first man was set free. In 1992, two law professors, Peter Neufeld and Barry Scheck, decided to use DNA evidence to help set free such mistakenly convicted prisoners. With the help of their students, they created a not-for-profit organization called the Innocence Project. Most of their clients are poor men, many from racial and ethnic minorities. In fact, studies have shown that U.S. judges and juries are often influenced by racial and ethnic background, and that people from minority groups are more likely to be convicted. Some of these men had been sentenced to death, a form of punishment used in thirty-eight states out of fifty (as of 2006). For most of these prisoners, their only hope was another trial in which DNA testing could be used to prove their innocence. Between 1992 and 2006, the Innocence Project helped free 100 men. Some of these prisoners had been in jail for ten, twenty years or more for crimes they did not commit. However, the goal of the Innocence Project is not simply to set free those who are wrongfully in jail. They also hope to bring about real changes in the criminal justice system.In Illinois in the late 1990s, a group of journalism students at Northwestern University were able to bring about such a change in that state. They began investigating some Illinois prisoners who claimed to be innocent. Through DNA testing, the students were able to prove that in fact the prisoners were not guilty o the crimes they had been accused of. Thirteen of these men were set free, and in 2000, Governor Ryan of Illinois decided to cases. The use of DNA in criminal cases is still being debated around the world. Some fear that governments will one day keep records of everyone’s DNA, which could put limits on the privacy and freedom of citizens. Other people mistrust the science of DNA testing and think that lawyers use it to get their clients free whether or not they are guilty. But for those whose innocence has been proven and who are now free men, DNA testing has meant nothing less than a return to life. And with the careful use of DNA testing, no innocent person should ever be convicted again. DNA testing was first used in a criminal case by . A a lawyer in New YorkB students in IllinoisC doctors in the United StatesD police in Great Britain

Gross National Happiness In the last century, new technology improved the lives of many people in many countries. However, one country resisted these changes. High in the Himalayan mountains of Asia, the kingdom of Bhutan remained separate. Its people and Buddhist (佛教）culture had not been affected for almost a thousand years. Bhutan, however, wasapoorcountry. People died at a young age. Most of its people could not read, and they did not know much about the outside world. Then, in 1972, a new ruler named King Jigme Singye Wangchuck decided to help Bhutan to become modem, but without losing its traditions. King Wangchuck looked at other countries for ideas. He saw that most countries measured their progress by their Gross National Product ( GNP). The GNP measures products and money. When the number of products sold increases, people say the country is making progress. King Wangchuck had a diWerent idea for Bhutan. He wanted to measure his country’s progress by people’s happiness. If the people’s happiness increased, the king could say that Bhutan was making progress. To decide if people were happier, he created a measure called Gross National Happiness (GNH). GNH is based on certain principles that create happiness. People are happier if they have heaith care, education, and jobs. They are happier when they live in a healthy, protected environment. They are happier when they can keep their traditional culture and customs. Finally, people are happier when they have a good, stable government. Now there is some evidence of increased GNH in Bhutan. People are healthier and are living longer. More people are educated and employed. Twenty-five percent of the land has become national parks, and the country has almost no pollution. The Bhutanese continue to wear their traditional clothing and follow their ancient Buddhist customs. Bhutan has also become a democracy. In 2008, King Wangchuck gave his power to his son. Although the country still had a king, it held its first democratic elections that year. Bhutan had political parties and political candidates for the first time. Finally, Bhutan has connected to the rest of the world through television and the Internet. Bhutan is a symbol for social progress. Many countries are now interested in Bhutan’s GNH. These countries are investigating their own ways to measure happiness. They want to create new policies that take care of their people, cultures, and land. Brazil may be the next country to use the principles of GNH. Brazilian leaders see the principles of GNH as a source of inspiration. Brazil is a large country with a diverse population. If happiness works as a measure of progress in Brazil, perhaps the rest of the world will follow.Apart from modernizing Bhutan, what else did Wangchuck want to do for Bhutan? A To make its population grow.B To keep it separate from the world.C To encourage its people to get rich.D To keep its traditions and customs.

Gross National Happiness In the last century, new technology improved the lives of many people in many countries. However, one country resisted these changes. High in the Himalayan mountains of Asia, the kingdom of Bhutan remained separate. Its people and Buddhist (佛教）culture had not been affected for almost a thousand years. Bhutan, however, wasapoorcountry. People died at a young age. Most of its people could not read, and they did not know much about the outside world. Then, in 1972, a new ruler named King Jigme Singye Wangchuck decided to help Bhutan to become modem, but without losing its traditions. King Wangchuck looked at other countries for ideas. He saw that most countries measured their progress by their Gross National Product ( GNP). The GNP measures products and money. When the number of products sold increases, people say the country is making progress. King Wangchuck had a diWerent idea for Bhutan. He wanted to measure his country’s progress by people’s happiness. If the people’s happiness increased, the king could say that Bhutan was making progress. To decide if people were happier, he created a measure called Gross National Happiness (GNH). GNH is based on certain principles that create happiness. People are happier if they have heaith care, education, and jobs. They are happier when they live in a healthy, protected environment. They are happier when they can keep their traditional culture and customs. Finally, people are happier when they have a good, stable government. Now there is some evidence of increased GNH in Bhutan. People are healthier and are living longer. More people are educated and employed. Twenty-five percent of the land has become national parks, and the country has almost no pollution. The Bhutanese continue to wear their traditional clothing and follow their ancient Buddhist customs. Bhutan has also become a democracy. In 2008, King Wangchuck gave his power to his son. Although the country still had a king, it held its first democratic elections that year. Bhutan had political parties and political candidates for the first time. Finally, Bhutan has connected to the rest of the world through television and the Internet. Bhutan is a symbol for social progress. Many countries are now interested in Bhutan’s GNH. These countries are investigating their own ways to measure happiness. They want to create new policies that take care of their people, cultures, and land. Brazil may be the next country to use the principles of GNH. Brazilian leaders see the principles of GNH as a source of inspiration. Brazil is a large country with a diverse population. If happiness works as a measure of progress in Brazil, perhaps the rest of the world will follow.Today many countries are_________. A trying to find their own ways to measure happinessB using the principles of GNH to measure their progressC working together to develop a common scale to measure GNHD taking both Bhutan and Brazil as symbols for social progress

DNA Testing DNA testing reveals the genes of each individual person. Since the early twentieth century, scientists have known that all human characteristics are contained in a person’s genes and are passed from parents to children. Genes work as a chemical instruction manual for each part and each function of the body. Their basic chemical element is called DNA, a copy of which can be found in every cell. The existence of genes and the chemical structure of DNA were understood by the mid-1900s, but scientists have only recently been able to identify a person from just a drop of blood or a single hair. One of the most important uses of DNA testing is in criminal investigation. The very first use of DNA testing in a criminal case was in 1985 in Great Britain, when a man confessed to killing a young woman in the English countryside. Because police had found samples of the killer’s DNA at the scene of the crime, a biologist suggested that it might be possible to compare that DNA to some from the confessor’s blood. To everyone’s surprise, the tests showed that he was not the killer. Nor was he guilty of a similar murder that had happened some time earlier. At that point he admitted that he had confessed to the crimes out of fear and police pressure. The police then asked 5,000 local men for samples of their blood, and DNA testing revealed that one of them was the real murderer, so the first man was set free. In 1992, two law professors, Peter Neufeld and Barry Scheck, decided to use DNA evidence to help set free such mistakenly convicted prisoners. With the help of their students, they created a not-for-profit organization called the Innocence Project. Most of their clients are poor men, many from racial and ethnic minorities. In fact, studies have shown that U.S. judges and juries are often influenced by racial and ethnic background, and that people from minority groups are more likely to be convicted. Some of these men had been sentenced to death, a form of punishment used in thirty-eight states out of fifty (as of 2006). For most of these prisoners, their only hope was another trial in which DNA testing could be used to prove their innocence. Between 1992 and 2006, the Innocence Project helped free 100 men. Some of these prisoners had been in jail for ten, twenty years or more for crimes they did not commit. However, the goal of the Innocence Project is not simply to set free those who are wrongfully in jail. They also hope to bring about real changes in the criminal justice system.In Illinois in the late 1990s, a group of journalism students at Northwestern University were able to bring about such a change in that state. They began investigating some Illinois prisoners who claimed to be innocent. Through DNA testing, the students were able to prove that in fact the prisoners were not guilty o the crimes they had been accused of. Thirteen of these men were set free, and in 2000, Governor Ryan of Illinois decided to cases. The use of DNA in criminal cases is still being debated around the world. Some fear that governments will one day keep records of everyone’s DNA, which could put limits on the privacy and freedom of citizens. Other people mistrust the science of DNA testing and think that lawyers use it to get their clients free whether or not they are guilty. But for those whose innocence has been proven and who are now free men, DNA testing has meant nothing less than a return to life. And with the careful use of DNA testing, no innocent person should ever be convicted again.What is the main idea of this passage?A DNA testing has changed the AmericarUegal system.B DNA testing has helped innocent men go free in IllinoisC DNA testing has played a key role in criminal investigation.D DN A testing uses genetics to identify a person.

DNA Testing DNA testing reveals the genes of each individual person. Since the early twentieth century, scientists have known that all human characteristics are contained in a person’s genes and are passed from parents to children. Genes work as a chemical instruction manual for each part and each function of the body. Their basic chemical element is called DNA, a copy of which can be found in every cell. The existence of genes and the chemical structure of DNA were understood by the mid-1900s, but scientists have only recently been able to identify a person from just a drop of blood or a single hair. One of the most important uses of DNA testing is in criminal investigation. The very first use of DNA testing in a criminal case was in 1985 in Great Britain, when a man confessed to killing a young woman in the English countryside. Because police had found samples of the killer’s DNA at the scene of the crime, a biologist suggested that it might be possible to compare that DNA to some from the confessor’s blood. To everyone’s surprise, the tests showed that he was not the killer. Nor was he guilty of a similar murder that had happened some time earlier. At that point he admitted that he had confessed to the crimes out of fear and police pressure. The police then asked 5,000 local men for samples of their blood, and DNA testing revealed that one of them was the real murderer, so the first man was set free. In 1992, two law professors, Peter Neufeld and Barry Scheck, decided to use DNA evidence to help set free such mistakenly convicted prisoners. With the help of their students, they created a not-for-profit organization called the Innocence Project. Most of their clients are poor men, many from racial and ethnic minorities. In fact, studies have shown that U.S. judges and juries are often influenced by racial and ethnic background, and that people from minority groups are more likely to be convicted. Some of these men had been sentenced to death, a form of punishment used in thirty-eight states out of fifty (as of 2006). For most of these prisoners, their only hope was another trial in which DNA testing could be used to prove their innocence. Between 1992 and 2006, the Innocence Project helped free 100 men. Some of these prisoners had been in jail for ten, twenty years or more for crimes they did not commit. However, the goal of the Innocence Project is not simply to set free those who are wrongfully in jail. They also hope to bring about real changes in the criminal justice system.In Illinois in the late 1990s, a group of journalism students at Northwestern University were able to bring about such a change in that state. They began investigating some Illinois prisoners who claimed to be innocent. Through DNA testing, the students were able to prove that in fact the prisoners were not guilty o the crimes they had been accused of. Thirteen of these men were set free, and in 2000, Governor Ryan of Illinois decided to cases. The use of DNA in criminal cases is still being debated around the world. Some fear that governments will one day keep records of everyone’s DNA, which could put limits on the privacy and freedom of citizens. Other people mistrust the science of DNA testing and think that lawyers use it to get their clients free whether or not they are guilty. But for those whose innocence has been proven and who are now free men, DNA testing has meant nothing less than a return to life. And with the careful use of DNA testing, no innocent person should ever be convicted again.Some students in Northwestern University . A proved some prisoners were not guiltyB believed some suspects were from ethnic groups C told the governor of Illinois not to free the prisoners D showed DN A testing was not always reliable

Going Her Own Way When she was twelve, Maria made her first important decision about the course of her life. She decided that she wanted to continue her education. Most girls from middle-class families chose to stay home after primary school, though some attended private Catholic "finishing" schools. There they learned a little about music, art, needlework, and how to make polite conversation. This was not the sort of education that interested Maria — or her mother. By this time, she had begun to take her studies more seriously. She read constantly and brought her books everywhere. One time she even brought her math book to the theater and tried to study in the park. Maria knew that she wanted to go on learning in a serious way. That meant attending the public high school, something that very few girls did. In Italy at the time, there were two types of high schools: the "classical”, schools and the "technical" schools. In the classical schools, the students followed a very traditional program of studies, with courses in Latin and Greek language and literature, and Italian literature and history. The few girls who continued studying after primary school usually chose these schools. Maria, however, wanted to attend a technical school. The technical schools were more modern than the classical schools and they offered courses in modern languages, mathematics, science, and accounting. Most people — including Maria’s father — believed that girls would never be able to understand these subjects. Furthermore, they did not think it was proper for girls to study them. Maria did not care if it was proper or not. Math and science were the subjects that interested her most. But before she could sign up for the technical school, she had to win her father's approval. She finally did, with her mother's help, though for many years after, there was tension in the family. Maria's father continued to oppose her plans, while her mother helped her. In 1883, at age thirteen, Maria entered the "Regia Scuola Tecnica Michelangelo Buonarroti "in Rome. Her experience at this school is difficult for us to imagine. Though the courses included modern subjects, the teaching methods were very traditional. Learning consisted of memorizing long lists of facts and repeating them back to the teacher. Students were not supposed to ask questions or think for themselves in any way. Teachers were very demanding, discipline in the classroom was strict, and punishment was severe for those who failed to achieve or were disobedient. In those days, most Italian girls . A did not to primary schoolB went to "fishing"schoolC did not go to high schoolD went to technical schools

Gross National Happiness In the last century, new technology improved the lives of many people in many countries. However, one country resisted these changes. High in the Himalayan mountains of Asia, the kingdom of Bhutan remained separate. Its people and Buddhist (佛教）culture had not been affected for almost a thousand years. Bhutan, however, wasapoorcountry. People died at a young age. Most of its people could not read, and they did not know much about the outside world. Then, in 1972, a new ruler named King Jigme Singye Wangchuck decided to help Bhutan to become modem, but without losing its traditions. King Wangchuck looked at other countries for ideas. He saw that most countries measured their progress by their Gross National Product ( GNP). The GNP measures products and money. When the number of products sold increases, people say the country is making progress. King Wangchuck had a diWerent idea for Bhutan. He wanted to measure his country’s progress by people’s happiness. If the people’s happiness increased, the king could say that Bhutan was making progress. To decide if people were happier, he created a measure called Gross National Happiness (GNH). GNH is based on certain principles that create happiness. People are happier if they have heaith care, education, and jobs. They are happier when they live in a healthy, protected environment. They are happier when they can keep their traditional culture and customs. Finally, people are happier when they have a good, stable government. Now there is some evidence of increased GNH in Bhutan. People are healthier and are living longer. More people are educated and employed. Twenty-five percent of the land has become national parks, and the country has almost no pollution. The Bhutanese continue to wear their traditional clothing and follow their ancient Buddhist customs. Bhutan has also become a democracy. In 2008, King Wangchuck gave his power to his son. Although the country still had a king, it held its first democratic elections that year. Bhutan had political parties and political candidates for the first time. Finally, Bhutan has connected to the rest of the world through television and the Internet. Bhutan is a symbol for social progress. Many countries are now interested in Bhutan’s GNH. These countries are investigating their own ways to measure happiness. They want to create new policies that take care of their people, cultures, and land. Brazil may be the next country to use the principles of GNH. Brazilian leaders see the principles of GNH as a source of inspiration. Brazil is a large country with a diverse population. If happiness works as a measure of progress in Brazil, perhaps the rest of the world will follow. According to GNH, people are happier if they . A have new technologyB have a good, stable governmentC can change their religionD have more money

The Mysteries of Nazca In the desert of Peru, 300 kilometers from Lima, one of the most unusual artworks in the world has mystified (迷惑）people for decades. (46) But from high above, these marks are huge images of birds, fish, seashells all beautifully carved into the earth. The Nazca lines are so difficult to see from the ground that they weren’t discovered until the 1930s, when pilots spotted them while flying over the area. In all, there are about 70 different human and animal figures on the plain, along with 900 triangles, circles, and lines. Researchers have figured out that the lines are at least 1,500 years old, but their purpose is still a mystery. __________ (47) However, it would probably be very tricky to land a spaceship in the middle of pictures of dogs and monkeys. In the 1940s, an American explorer named Paul Kosok suggested that the drawings were a chronicle (记录)of the movement of the stars and planets. ______ (48) Later, an astronomer tested his theory with a computer, but he couldn’t find any relation between the lines and movements in space. Another explanation is that the lines may have been made for religious reasons. British researcher Tony Morrison investigated the customs of people in the Andes Mountain and learned that they sometimes pray by the side of the road. It’s possible the lines of Nazca were created for a similar purpose. ___________ (49) But the local people have never constructed anything this big. Recently, two other scientists, David Johnson and Steve Mabee, have speculated that the lines could have been related to water Nazca is one of the driest places in the world and receives only 2 cm of rain every year. While Johnson was searching for ancient water sources in the area, he noticed that some waterways built by ancient people were connected with the lines. Johnson believes that the Nazca lines are a giant map of the underground water in the area. ________ (50) (47) A He called Nazca "the largest astronomy book in the world".B Seen from the ground, it looks like lines scratched into the earth.C Scholars differ in interpreting the purpose of the designs.D Other scientists are now searching for evidence to prove this.E A Swiss writer named Erich von Daniken wrote that the Nazca lines were designed as a landing place for UFOs.F The largest pictures may have been the sites for special ceremonies.

DNA Testing DNA testing reveals the genes of each individual person. Since the early twentieth century, scientists have known that all human characteristics are contained in a person’s genes and are passed from parents to children. Genes work as a chemical instruction manual for each part and each function of the body. Their basic chemical element is called DNA, a copy of which can be found in every cell. The existence of genes and the chemical structure of DNA were understood by the mid-1900s, but scientists have only recently been able to identify a person from just a drop of blood or a single hair. One of the most important uses of DNA testing is in criminal investigation. The very first use of DNA testing in a criminal case was in 1985 in Great Britain, when a man confessed to killing a young woman in the English countryside. Because police had found samples of the killer’s DNA at the scene of the crime, a biologist suggested that it might be possible to compare that DNA to some from the confessor’s blood. To everyone’s surprise, the tests showed that he was not the killer. Nor was he guilty of a similar murder that had happened some time earlier. At that point he admitted that he had confessed to the crimes out of fear and police pressure. The police then asked 5,000 local men for samples of their blood, and DNA testing revealed that one of them was the real murderer, so the first man was set free. In 1992, two law professors, Peter Neufeld and Barry Scheck, decided to use DNA evidence to help set free such mistakenly convicted prisoners. With the help of their students, they created a not-for-profit organization called the Innocence Project. Most of their clients are poor men, many from racial and ethnic minorities. In fact, studies have shown that U.S. judges and juries are often influenced by racial and ethnic background, and that people from minority groups are more likely to be convicted. Some of these men had been sentenced to death, a form of punishment used in thirty-eight states out of fifty (as of 2006). For most of these prisoners, their only hope was another trial in which DNA testing could be used to prove their innocence. Between 1992 and 2006, the Innocence Project helped free 100 men. Some of these prisoners had been in jail for ten, twenty years or more for crimes they did not commit. However, the goal of the Innocence Project is not simply to set free those who are wrongfully in jail. They also hope to bring about real changes in the criminal justice system.In Illinois in the late 1990s, a group of journalism students at Northwestern University were able to bring about such a change in that state. They began investigating some Illinois prisoners who claimed to be innocent. Through DNA testing, the students were able to prove that in fact the prisoners were not guilty o the crimes they had been accused of. Thirteen of these men were set free, and in 2000, Governor Ryan of Illinois decided to cases. The use of DNA in criminal cases is still being debated around the world. Some fear that governments will one day keep records of everyone’s DNA, which could put limits on the privacy and freedom of citizens. Other people mistrust the science of DNA testing and think that lawyers use it to get their clients free whether or not they are guilty. But for those whose innocence has been proven and who are now free men, DNA testing has meant nothing less than a return to life. And with the careful use of DNA testing, no innocent person should ever be convicted again.What is the author’s attitude towards DNA testing? A Negative.B Positive.C Suspicious.D Indifferent.